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IGNOU BOOK | Urban Sociology[English medium] BSOE-141
Urban Sociology is a branch of sociology that studies urban life, cities, urban communities, institutions, social relationships, and the processes of urbanisation. It examines how people live and interact in cities and how urban development influences social, economic, cultural, and political life.1. Meaning of Urban SociologyUrban sociology focuses on the social structure and social processes of urban areas. A city is not merely a geographical or physical space; it is also a complex social environment where people from different backgrounds, occupations, cultures, and economic classes interact.Urban sociology therefore studies issues such as:UrbanisationMigrationPopulation growthSocial stratificationUrban povertySlumsHousingCrime and devianceUrban governanceTransport and infrastructureChanging family and community relationships2. UrbanisationUrbanisation refers to the process through which an increasing proportion of the population lives in urban areas. It is closely associated with industrialisation, economic development, employment opportunities, and migration.Rapid urbanisation can create both opportunities and problems. Cities may provide better education, healthcare, employment, and infrastructure, but they can also experience overcrowding, unemployment, pollution, inadequate housing, and inequality.3. Growth of CitiesCities have historically developed around trade, administration, religion, industry, transportation, and political power. With industrialisation and technological development, cities expanded rapidly.Modern cities are characterised by:Large and diverse populationsComplex occupational structuresGreater social mobilityFormal organisations and institutionsDiverse lifestyles and culturesExtensive transportation and communication networks4. Urban Social StructureUrban society is socially diverse. People may differ according to class, caste, religion, ethnicity, occupation, education, and income. This diversity creates both interaction and social divisions.Urban sociology examines how these differences influence access to:EmploymentHousingEducationHealthcarePolitical powerOther urban resources5. Migration and Urban LifeMigration is an important factor in urban growth. People often move from rural to urban areas in search of employment, education, better living conditions, or other opportunities.Migration contributes to the cultural diversity of cities but can also create difficulties for migrants, such as insecure employment, inadequate housing, discrimination, and limited access to public services.6. Slums and Urban PovertyOne of the major concerns of urban sociology is urban poverty. Rapid population growth and unequal development can lead to the expansion of informal settlements and slums.Slum residents may face:Poor housing conditionsLack of sanitationInadequate water supplyLimited healthcareInsecure employmentOvercrowdingUrban sociology studies these problems in relation to wider economic and political structures
IGNOU BOOK | Techniques of Ethnographic Film Making[ HINDI MEDIUM] BSOS -184
BSOS-184: Ethnographic Film Making — Techniques का वर्णनEthnographic Film Making (नृवंशविज्ञानात्मक फिल्म निर्माण) का उद्देश्य किसी समाज, समुदाय, संस्कृति, जीवन-शैली, रीति-रिवाज, विश्वास और दैनिक व्यवहार को फिल्म के माध्यम से व्यवस्थित एवं वास्तविक रूप में प्रस्तुत करना है। इसमें फिल्म निर्माता केवल घटनाओं को रिकॉर्ड नहीं करता, बल्कि उनके सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक अर्थ को भी समझने का प्रयास करता है।Ethnographic Film Making की प्रमुख तकनीकें1. प्रतिभागी अवलोकन (Participant Observation)फिल्म निर्माता समुदाय के लोगों के बीच रहकर उनके दैनिक जीवन और गतिविधियों को समझता है। इससे लोगों के व्यवहार, संबंधों और परंपराओं को स्वाभाविक रूप में रिकॉर्ड करने में सहायता मिलती है।2. प्रत्यक्ष अवलोकन (Direct Observation)समुदाय की गतिविधियों को बिना अनावश्यक हस्तक्षेप के कैमरे से रिकॉर्ड किया जाता है। जैसे—त्योहार, विवाह, धार्मिक अनुष्ठान, कृषि कार्य या बाजार की गतिविधियाँ।3. साक्षात्कार तकनीक (Interview Technique)समुदाय के सदस्यों से बातचीत करके उनके विचार, अनुभव, विश्वास और जीवन की परिस्थितियों को जाना जाता है। साक्षात्कार को कैमरे पर रिकॉर्ड किया जा सकता है, जिससे फिल्म में लोगों की अपनी आवाज़ शामिल होती है।4. कैमरा तकनीककैमरे का कोण, दूरी, प्रकाश, फ्रेम और कैमरा-गतिशीलता महत्वपूर्ण होते हैं। कैमरे का प्रयोग इस प्रकार किया जाना चाहिए कि वह सामाजिक जीवन को विकृत न करे। लंबे और निरंतर शॉट वास्तविक गतिविधियों को समझने में विशेष रूप से उपयोगी हो सकते हैं।5. ध्वनि रिकॉर्डिंग (Sound Recording)Ethnographic फिल्म में केवल दृश्य ही नहीं, बल्कि स्थानीय भाषा, बातचीत, संगीत, गीत, प्राकृतिक आवाजें और वातावरण की ध्वनियाँ भी महत्वपूर्ण होती हैं। अच्छी ध्वनि फिल्म को अधिक प्रामाणिक बनाती है।6. नैरेशन और वॉयस-ओवर (Narration/Voice-over)फिल्म निर्माता आवश्यकतानुसार घटनाओं और उनके सामाजिक संदर्भ को समझाने के लिए वॉयस-ओवर का प्रयोग कर सकता है। हालांकि, अत्यधिक व्याख्या से बचना चाहिए ताकि समुदाय की अपनी आवाज दब न जाए।7. स्थानीय लोगों की भागीदारीफिल्म निर्माण में समुदाय के सदस्यों को केवल ‘फिल्माए जाने वाले विषय’ के रूप में नहीं, बल्कि सक्रिय प्रतिभागी के रूप में शामिल करना महत्वपूर्ण है। इससे फिल्म अधिक विश्वसनीय और नैतिक बनती है।8. निरंतर रिकॉर्डिंग (Continuous Recording)किसी गतिविधि को छोटे-छोटे अलग-अलग दृश्यों में दिखाने के बजाय उसे पर्याप्त समय तक लगातार रिकॉर्ड करने से घटना की प्रक्रिया और संदर्भ स्पष्ट होता है।9. संपादन (Editing)रिकॉर्ड किए गए दृश्यों को इस तरह व्यवस्थित किया जाता है कि दर्शक समुदाय के जीवन और सामाजिक व्यवहार को आसानी से समझ सके। संपादन में वास्तविक घटनाओं के क्रम और संदर्भ को अनावश्यक रूप से बदलने से बचना चाहिए।10. नैतिकता (Ethical Considerations)Ethnographic फिल्म निर्माण में लोगों की सहमति, निजता, सम्मान और सांस्कृतिक संवेदनशीलता का ध्यान रखना आवश्यक है। फिल्म में किसी समुदाय को गलत, अपमानजनक या रूढ़िबद्ध तरीके से प्रस्तुत नहीं किया जाना चाहिए।निष्कर्षइस प्रकार, Ethnographic Film Making केवल कैमरे से किसी समुदाय की गतिविधियों को रिकॉर्ड करने की प्रक्रिया नहीं है। यह अवलोकन, प्रतिभागिता, साक्षात्कार, कैमरा, ध्वनि, संपादन और नैतिक जिम्मेदारी का संयोजन है। इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य किसी संस्कृति और सामाजिक जीवन को उसके वास्तविक संदर्भ में समझना और दर्शकों तक पहुँचाना है।
IGNOU BOOK | Techniques of Ethnographic Film Making[ English medium] BSOS -184
Techniques of Ethnographic Filmmaking — BSOS-184Ethnographic filmmaking is a method of studying and representing people, their culture, social life, beliefs, customs, and everyday activities through audio-visual media. In sociology and anthropology, film can document social realities in a detailed and engaging way.1. Participant ObservationThis is one of the most important techniques. The filmmaker spends time with the community and observes their everyday life.The filmmaker participates in some activities while observing others.It helps understand behaviour in its natural setting.Long-term interaction builds trust between the filmmaker and participants.Example: A filmmaker living in a village and documenting agricultural practices, festivals, and family relationships.2. Direct Observation and RecordingThe filmmaker records events as they naturally occur rather than creating artificial situations.Everyday conversations, rituals, work, celebrations, and social interactions can be filmed.The camera becomes a tool for recording social behaviour.Repeated observation can reveal details that may initially be overlooked.3. InterviewsInterviews provide information that cannot always be obtained through observation.Types include:Structured interviews: Questions are decided in advance.Unstructured interviews: The conversation is flexible.Semi-structured interviews: A set of broad questions is combined with open discussion.Interviews allow people to explain their beliefs, experiences, feelings, and interpretations in their own words.4. Informal ConversationsInformal conversations are particularly useful in ethnographic filmmaking.Instead of conducting a formal interview, the filmmaker talks naturally with community members. This often produces more spontaneous and authentic responses.5. Long-Take TechniqueA long take involves filming an activity continuously for a relatively long period without frequent cuts.It can capture:Natural behaviourSequence of eventsInteraction between peopleChanges in the social situationThis technique can reduce excessive manipulation during editing.
IGNOU BOOK | Sociology of Religion[Hindi medium] BSOC -106
Sociology of Religion is the systematic study of religion as a social phenomenon and institution. The course examines the relationship between religion and society, focusing on how religious beliefs, values, rituals, symbols, and institutions influence individual behaviour, social relationships, culture, and social organization.The course introduces students to fundamental concepts such as sacred and profane, religious beliefs, rituals, religious authority, religious organizations, secularization, and religious pluralism. It explores the relationship between religion and major social institutions such as family, economy, politics, education, and social stratification.The perspectives of classical sociologists such as Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber are examined to understand the functions of religion, its relationship with social inequality and power, and its influence on social action and social change.The course also examines contemporary issues including secularization, modernization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism, religious movements, and globalization. In the Indian context, it focuses on religious diversity, pluralism, secularism, communalism, and the relationship between religion, caste, gender, and politics.Overall, Sociology of Religion develops a sociological understanding of religion and its role in maintaining social order, creating identities, reproducing inequalities, and contributing to processes of social integration and social change.
IGNOU BOOK | Sociology of Religion [ ENGLISH MEDIUM] BSOC -106
Sociology of Religion is a course that examines religion as a social institution and explores its role in shaping individual behaviour, social relationships, culture, and social organization. It studies how religious beliefs, practices, institutions, and symbols influence society and how social conditions, in turn, shape religious life.The course introduces students to key sociological concepts such as sacred and profane, religious beliefs, rituals, symbols, religious institutions, secularization, religious authority, and religious communities. It examines the relationship between religion and other social institutions, including family, economy, politics, education, and social stratification.The course engages with the ideas of major sociological thinkers such as Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber. Their perspectives provide different approaches to understanding religion as a source of social solidarity, a reflection of social inequalities, and a significant force in shaping social action and historical change.The course also examines different forms of religious organization and experience, including sects, denominations, churches, religious movements, and new forms of spirituality. Attention is given to processes such as secularization, modernization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism, and religious pluralism.In the Indian context, the course explores religious diversity, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, tribal religions, secularism, communalism, and religious identities. It considers the relationship between religion, caste, gender, politics, and social change.
IGNOU BOOK | Sociology of Kinship[ English medium] BSOC-109
Sociology of Kinship is a course that examines the social organization of human relationships based on marriage, descent, blood relations, and other culturally recognized forms of relatedness. It explores how kinship systems shape family structures, social identities, inheritance, residence, authority, and patterns of social interaction across different societies.The course introduces students to key sociological and anthropological concepts such as kinship, descent, lineage, clan, marriage, family, household, residence, affinity, and inheritance. It examines different systems of descent, including patrilineal, matrilineal, and bilateral systems, and explores patterns of marriage such as monogamy, polygamy, endogamy, and exogamy.Particular attention is given to the relationship between kinship, family, gender, property, power, and social organization. The course also examines how kinship systems vary across cultures and how they respond to processes of modernization, urbanization, migration, industrialization, and globalization.The course further explores changing patterns of marriage and family, including nuclear and extended families, changing household structures, intergenerational relationships, changing gender roles, and contemporary forms of partnership and family life. It encourages students to critically examine how traditional kinship relations are being transformed in contemporary societies.The course aims to develop students' ability to analyse kinship as an important social institution and to understand its relationship with wider social structures and cultural practices.Overall, Sociology of Kinship provides a comprehensive understanding of how societies organize relationships through kinship, marriage, descent, and family, while examining the changing nature of these relationships in contemporary social life.
IGNOU BOOK | Sociology of India- I[Hindi Medium] BSOC-102
Sociology of India – I is a foundational course that introduces students to the sociological study of Indian society. It examines the distinctive features of Indian social structure, cultural diversity, institutions, and patterns of social relationships. The course aims to provide an understanding of the ways in which historical, cultural, economic, and political factors have shaped Indian society.The course explores major themes such as caste, class, tribe, family, kinship, religion, rural society, social stratification, and social change. It examines the functioning of these institutions and their role in shaping social identities, social relations, and inequalities. The course also considers the diversity of Indian society in terms of region, language, religion, community, and culture.Students are introduced to the ideas and contributions of important Indian sociologists and social thinkers, including G. S. Ghurye, M. N. Srinivas, D. P. Mukerji, A. R. Desai, Irawati Karve, and B. R. Ambedkar. Their perspectives provide important frameworks for understanding caste, culture, tradition, modernity, class, and social transformation in India.The course also examines important processes of social change such as Sanskritization, Westernization, modernization, secularization, industrialization, and urbanization. These processes help students understand the transformation of Indian society and the interaction between traditional institutions and modern forces.Overall, Sociology of India – I provides a comprehensive foundation for understanding the structure, diversity, institutions, inequalities, and processes of social change that characterize Indian society.
IGNOU BOOK | Sociology of India- I [English medium] BSOC 102
BSOC-102: Sociology of India–I is a sociology course that introduces you to the structure, diversity, institutions, and major social processes of Indian society. It helps students understand India from a sociological perspective rather than simply from a historical or political perspective.Main Areas Covered1. Understanding Indian SocietyMeaning and characteristics of Indian societyUnity in diversitySocial and cultural diversityContinuity and change in Indian society2. Caste SystemMeaning and features of casteCaste hierarchyCaste and social inequalityChanges in the caste systemCaste in contemporary India3. Tribe and Tribal SocietyMeaning and characteristics of tribesTribal social organisationTribal identityProblems and challenges faced by tribal communitiesProcesses of tribal transformation4. Family and KinshipMeaning and types of familyJoint and nuclear familiesMarriage and kinshipChanging patterns of family and marriage in India5. Religion in Indian SocietyReligious diversityReligion and social lifeHinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism and other religious traditionsCommunalism and secularism6. Rural and Agrarian SocietyFeatures of rural societyAgrarian social structureLand relationsRural social changeImpact of modernisation and development7. Urban SocietyGrowth of towns and citiesUrbanisationMigrationUrban social problemsChanging nature of urban communities8. Social Change in IndiaImportant processes include:SanskritisationWesternisationModernisationSecularisationGlobalisationIndustrialisation and urbanisationImportant Sociological ThemesThe course particularly helps you understand:Caste and inequalityClass and social stratificationTribal communitiesFamily, marriage and kinshipReligion and secularismRural–urban differencesSocial change and modernisationUnity and diversity in India
IGNOU BOOK | Sociology of India - II[Hindi medium] BSOC-104
Sociology of India – II: Course DescriptionSociology of India – II is an advanced course that examines the changing structures, institutions, social inequalities, and contemporary issues of Indian society. The course builds upon the foundational understanding of Indian society and provides a deeper sociological analysis of the processes through which Indian society has experienced continuity, transformation, and development.The course focuses on major themes such as caste, class, tribe, gender, religion, family, rural and urban transformation, social movements, development, globalization, and identity. It examines how traditional social institutions and cultural practices interact with modern economic, political, and technological changes.Particular attention is given to social inequality and exclusion, including caste-based discrimination, gender inequality, tribal marginalization, poverty, and changing class relations. The course also explores important processes of social change such as modernization, urbanization, industrialization, globalization, migration, and political mobilization.The course further examines significant social movements in India, including Dalit, tribal, women's, environmental, farmers', and other movements for social justice and rights. It encourages students to understand contemporary debates surrounding identity, citizenship, development, social justice, and cultural diversity.The course aims to develop students' ability to critically analyse Indian society using sociological concepts and perspectives. It enables them to connect theoretical ideas with empirical realities and contemporary social issues.Overall, Sociology of India – II provides a comprehensive and critical understanding of contemporary Indian society by examining its diverse social structures, inequalities, institutions, social movements, and processes of social transformation.
IGNOU BOOK | Sociology of India - II[English medium] BSOC-104
Sociology of India – II: DescriptionSociology of India – II is an advanced course that examines the major social structures, institutions, inequalities, and processes of change in contemporary Indian society. Building on the foundations of Sociology of India – I, the course provides a deeper understanding of the diverse and changing nature of Indian society through sociological perspectives.The course focuses on issues such as caste, class, tribe, gender, religion, family, rural and urban transformation, social movements, development, globalization, and identity politics. It explores how traditional social structures interact with modern economic, political, and cultural processes.Major areas coveredCaste and social inequality: Changing caste relations, caste mobility, affirmative action, Dalit experiences, and contemporary caste politics.Tribes and marginal communities: Tribal identity, displacement, development, marginalization, and struggles for rights and resources.Class and economic change: Changing class structures, inequality, poverty, employment, and the emergence of new middle classes.Gender and society: Patriarchy, women's movements, gender inequality, changing family roles, and intersectional experiences.Religion and communal relations: Religious diversity, secularism, communalism, religious identities, and their influence on social relations.Family and kinship: Changing patterns of marriage, family, household, kinship, and intergenerational relationships.Rural and urban transformations: Agrarian change, migration, urbanization, informal work, and changing rural–urban relationships.Social movements: Dalit, women's, tribal, environmental, farmers', and other movements for rights and social justice.Development and globalization: Economic reforms, globalization, development policies, inequality, migration, and their social consequences.Contemporary Indian society: Identity, citizenship, social exclusion, technology, education, media, and emerging social issues.
IGNOU BOOK | Sociology of India [Hindi medium] BSOC-132
BSOC-132: Sociology of India (Hindi Medium) is an IGNOU sociology course that focuses on understanding Indian society, its social structure, institutions, diversity, and processes of social change.मुख्य विषयभारतीय समाज की संरचनाभारतीय समाज की प्रमुख विशेषताएँविविधता और एकताग्रामीण एवं नगरीय समाजजाति व्यवस्थाजाति की अवधारणा और विशेषताएँजाति व्यवस्था में परिवर्तनदलित एवं पिछड़े वर्गजनजातीय समाजजनजातियों की सामाजिक संरचनाजनजातीय पहचान और समस्याएँजनजातीय परिवर्तनपरिवार और विवाहभारतीय परिवार की विशेषताएँसंयुक्त एवं एकल परिवारविवाह के प्रकार और बदलते स्वरूपधर्म और सामाजिक जीवनभारत में धार्मिक विविधताधर्म और सामाजिक संबंधसाम्प्रदायिकता तथा धर्मनिरपेक्षतासामाजिक परिवर्तनआधुनिकीकरणसंस्कृतिकरणपश्चिमीकरणवैश्वीकरण और भारतीय समाजमहिला एवं लैंगिक संबंधभारतीय समाज में महिलाओं की स्थितिलैंगिक असमानतामहिला सशक्तीकरणसामाजिक आंदोलनकिसान आंदोलनदलित आंदोलनमहिला आंदोलनजनजातीय एवं पर्यावरण आंदोलन
IGNOU BOOK | Sociology of India[ English medium] BSOC-132
BSOC-132 – Sociology of India is a sociology course that focuses on Indian society, its social structure, institutions, diversity, inequalities, and processes of social change.📚 Main focus of BSOC-132The course helps students understand Indian society from a sociological perspective, including:Understanding Indian SocietyFeatures and characteristics of Indian societyUnity and diversityPluralism and multiculturalismCaste SystemMeaning and characteristics of casteCaste hierarchy and social mobilityChanging nature of caste in modern IndiaCaste and politicsTribal CommunitiesMeaning and characteristics of tribesTribal identity and cultureProblems faced by tribal communitiesTribal development and social changeFamily and KinshipTypes of Indian familiesJoint and nuclear familiesMarriage and kinshipChanges in family and marriageReligion and SocietyReligion in Indian societyReligious diversitySecularismCommunalism and its social implicationsSocial Stratification and InequalityCaste, class and genderSocial exclusionInequality and discriminationMarginalised communitiesProcesses of Social ChangeSanskritisationWesternisationModernisationSecularisationGlobalisationRural and Urban SocietyIndian village and rural social structureUrbanisationMigrationChanging rural–urban relationships👨🏫 Important Indian sociologistsWhile studying Sociology of India, you are likely to encounter thinkers such as:G. S. Ghurye – caste, tribe and Indian social structureM. N. Srinivas – Sanskritisation, Westernisation and dominant casteA. R. Desai – Marxist approach and Indian nationalismLouis Dumont – caste and hierarchyIrawati Karve – family, kinship and social organisation
IGNOU BOOK | Sociology of Gender[Hindi medium] BSOC-107
Sociology of Gender: DescriptionSociology of Gender is a branch of sociology that examines how societies construct, define, and regulate gender, gender roles, identities, and relationships. The course explores gender not simply as a biological difference, but as a social and cultural phenomenon shaped by institutions, norms, values, and power relations.Major areas coveredSex and gender: Understanding the distinction between biological sex and socially constructed gender.Gender socialization: How family, education, media, religion, peer groups, and other institutions shape gender identities and expectations.Gender roles and stereotypes: Examination of socially prescribed roles and expectations associated with masculinity and femininity.Patriarchy: Understanding male-dominated social structures and their effects on women and other gender groups.Gender and power: Exploring inequalities in access to resources, authority, opportunities, and decision-making.Masculinities and femininities: Studying how different forms of masculinity and femininity are socially produced and experienced.Gender and work: Gender division of labour, unpaid domestic work, occupational segregation, wage inequality, and women's participation in the workforce.Gender and institutions: The role of family, education, politics, economy, religion, and media in reproducing or challenging gender inequalities.Intersectionality: Examining how gender interacts with class, caste, race, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, disability, and other social identities.Gender and social change: Studying feminism, women's movements, LGBTQ+ movements, and changing ideas about gender and equality.
IGNOU BOOK | Sociological Thinkers-I[ English medium] BSOC-111
BSOC-111: Sociological Thinkers-I is a sociology course that introduces students to the major classical sociological thinkers and their ideas. The course helps you understand how sociology developed as a discipline and how different thinkers explained society, social order, conflict, change, and modernity.Major Thinkers and Concepts1. Auguste ComteFather of SociologyLaw of Three StagesTheological stageMetaphysical stagePositive stagePositivismSocial statics and social dynamics2. Karl MarxHistorical materialismClass and class conflictBourgeoisie and proletariatCapitalismAlienationExploitationBase and superstructureRevolution and social change3. Émile DurkheimSocial factsDivision of labourMechanical and organic solidarityCollective conscienceAnomieSuicideReligion and society4. Max WeberSocial actionTypes of social actionVerstehenIdeal typeAuthority:TraditionalCharismaticLegal-rationalBureaucracyProtestant ethic and capitalismWhat BSOC-111 Mainly TeachesThe course examines questions such as:What is society and how should it be studied?How does social order develop?Why do societies experience conflict and change?How did capitalism and modernity emerge?What causes social inequality?How do individuals and institutions interact?How can sociology scientifically study social life?
IGNOU BOOK | Sociological Thinkers- II[English medium] BSOC 113
BSOC-113 (Sociological Thinkers–II) is a sociology course that introduces students to the major sociological thinkers and their important theories, especially thinkers who developed sociology after the classical period.Main focus of the courseThe course generally helps you understand:Major sociological thinkers and their backgrounds.Their key concepts and theories.How these thinkers explained society, social structure, culture, power, inequality and social change.The relevance of their ideas to contemporary society.Important thinkers usually coveredDepending on the university syllabus, BSOC-113 commonly deals with thinkers such as:George Herbert Mead — self, mind, society and symbolic interactionism.Talcott Parsons — structural functionalism and social system.Robert K. Merton — manifest/latent functions, dysfunctions and theories of the middle range.C. Wright Mills — sociological imagination and the power elite.Erving Goffman — dramaturgical approach and presentation of self.Pierre Bourdieu — habitus, field and different forms of capital.Michel Foucault — power, knowledge, discourse and discipline.Jürgen Habermas — communicative action and the public sphere.
IGNOU BOOK | Sociological Theories [Hindi medium] BSOC-133
BSOC-133: Sociological Theories समाजशास्त्र की प्रमुख सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणाओं और दृष्टिकोणों का अध्ययन करने वाला पाठ्यक्रम है। इसमें यह समझने का प्रयास किया जाता है कि समाज कैसे व्यवस्थित होता है, सामाजिक संबंध कैसे बनते हैं, असमानता और संघर्ष क्यों पैदा होते हैं तथा समाज में परिवर्तन कैसे होता है।मुख्य विषय1. समाजशास्त्रीय सिद्धान्त का परिचयसमाजशास्त्रीय सिद्धान्त का अर्थसिद्धान्त की आवश्यकता और महत्वसमाज को समझने में समाजशास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोणMicro और Macro approaches2. संरचनात्मक-कार्यात्मक दृष्टिकोण (Structural Functionalism)समाज को एक व्यवस्था के रूप में देखनासामाजिक संस्थाओं के कार्यसामाजिक व्यवस्था और स्थिरताप्रमुख विचारक: Talcott Parsons, Robert K. MertonManifest और Latent functionsDysfunction3. संघर्ष सिद्धान्त (Conflict Theory)समाज में शक्ति और असमानतावर्ग और हितों का संघर्षप्रभुत्व और सामाजिक परिवर्तनKarl Marx के विचारों का प्रभावबाद के संघर्ष सिद्धान्त4. प्रतीकात्मक अन्तःक्रियावाद (Symbolic Interactionism)दैनिक जीवन में सामाजिक अन्तःक्रियाSymbols और meaningsव्यक्ति और समाज का संबंधGeorge Herbert MeadHerbert BlumerSelf और identity5. फेनोमेनोलॉजी (Phenomenology)सामाजिक वास्तविकता का निर्माणव्यक्ति के अनुभव और अर्थAlfred Schutzरोजमर्रा के जीवन की समझ6. Ethnomethodologyलोग दैनिक जीवन में सामाजिक व्यवस्था कैसे बनाते हैंCommon-sense knowledgeसामाजिक व्यवहार को समझने के तरीकेHarold Garfinkel7. Feminist TheoryGender और powerपितृसत्ता (Patriarchy)लैंगिक असमानतामहिलाओं के अनुभवों का समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययनFeminist perspectives8. Critical Theoryसमाज में सत्ता, विचारधारा और प्रभुत्वसंस्कृति और मीडिया की भूमिकासामाजिक मुक्ति और परिवर्तनFrankfurt School का योगदान
IGNOU BOOK | Sociological Theories[ English medium] BSOC-133
BSOC-133 Sociological Theories is a sociology course that introduces the major thinkers, concepts, and theoretical perspectives used to understand society and social relationships.Main topics generally coveredMeaning and Nature of Sociological TheoryMeaning of theoryImportance of theory in sociologyRelationship between theory and empirical researchMajor approaches to understanding societyFunctionalismSociety as a system of interconnected partsSocial order and stabilitySocial functions and institutionsMajor ideas of Émile Durkheim and Talcott ParsonsManifest and latent functionsConflict TheorySociety as an arena of inequality and conflictPower, class and social changeKarl Marx's ideas on class struggle, capitalism and social changeContributions of later conflict theoristsSymbolic InteractionismMeaning and symbols in everyday lifeSelf and societySocial interactionGeorge Herbert Mead and Herbert BlumerHow people construct social reality through interactionMax Weber's Sociological TheorySocial actionTypes of social actionVerstehenAuthority and legitimacyBureaucracyRationalizationFeminist Sociological TheoryGender inequalityPatriarchyGender and powerFeminist approaches to understanding societyCritique of traditional sociological theoriesContemporary Sociological TheoriesStructurationPractice theorySocial construction of realityPostmodern perspectivesDevelopments in contemporary sociological thought
IGNOU BOOK | Sociological Research Methods-II[English medium] BSOC-114
Sociological Research Methods–II is a sociology course focused on the advanced methods used to conduct, analyze, and present sociological research.📚 BSOC-114 — Sociological Research Methods-IIThe course generally covers:Research DesignMeaning and types of research designExploratory, descriptive and explanatory researchFormulating research problems and hypothesesSamplingMeaning and importance of samplingProbability sampling: random, stratified, systematic and cluster samplingNon-probability sampling: purposive, quota and snowball samplingMethods of Data CollectionObservationInterviewQuestionnaire and scheduleCase studyDocuments and secondary dataQuantitative Data AnalysisClassification and tabulation of dataFrequency distributionsPercentages and averagesMeasures of central tendencyIntroduction to correlation and other statistical techniquesQualitative ResearchMeaning and characteristicsEthnographyParticipant observationIn-depth interviewsContent and thematic analysisResearch EthicsInformed consentConfidentiality and anonymityObjectivity and researcher responsibilityEthical issues in field researchReport WritingStructure of a research reportAnalysis and interpretationCitation and referencingPresentation of findings and conclusions