IGNOU BOOK | History of Enviornment | PARYVAN KA ETIHAS | BHIE - 143 | HINDI MEDIUM

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History of Environment

The History of Environment is the study of the relationship between human beings and the natural environment throughout history. It examines how humans have used, changed, protected, and sometimes damaged nature, and how environmental conditions have influenced the development of human societies.

1. Early Human Society

In prehistoric times, human beings depended directly on nature for their survival. They hunted animals, collected fruits and plants, and used rivers and forests for food and shelter. Their impact on the environment was relatively limited because populations were small and technology was simple.

The development of agriculture was a major turning point. People began clearing forests, cultivating land, domesticating animals, and building settlements. Agriculture allowed populations to grow but also caused changes such as deforestation, soil erosion, and the alteration of rivers and water systems.

2. Environment in Ancient Civilizations

Ancient civilizations developed around fertile areas and rivers. The Indus Valley, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Chinese, Greek, and Roman civilizations depended heavily on natural resources.

Irrigation helped agriculture expand, while forests provided timber and fuel. However, excessive cultivation, deforestation, and improper irrigation sometimes resulted in soil exhaustion and environmental degradation.

Thus, the development of civilization was closely connected with the ability of societies to manage natural resources.