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History of India – III

History of India – III generally covers the period from the establishment and expansion of British rule in India to independence and the early years of the Indian Republic. In many university syllabi, the course focuses mainly on colonialism, the economic and social impact of British rule, the rise of nationalism, the freedom struggle, and the making of modern India.

1. Expansion of British Rule

The British East India Company gradually changed from a trading organization into a political power.

The Battle of Plassey (1757) and the Battle of Buxar (1764) established British dominance in Bengal. The Company then expanded its territories through wars, diplomacy, and political agreements.

Important methods of expansion included:

• Subsidiary Alliance, associated with Lord Wellesley.
• Doctrine of Lapse, associated with Lord Dalhousie.
• Military conquest and annexation.
• Treaties with Indian rulers.

By the nineteenth century, the British controlled most of the Indian subcontinent.