IGNOU BOOK | Social Stratification[English medium] BSOC-110

Product Overview & Details

Social stratification refers to the structured and hierarchical division of society into different social groups or layers. These groups differ from one another in terms of wealth, income, power, prestige, status, education and access to social opportunities.

In simple words, social stratification means the systematic pattern of social inequality in which some individuals or groups enjoy greater resources, privileges and power than others.

Meaning of Social Stratification

The term ‘stratification’ comes from the idea of different layers or strata. Just as geological layers are arranged one above another, society is also divided into different social levels.

Social stratification is therefore not simply an individual difference. It is a socially organised system of inequality that influences people's life chances, social relationships and opportunities.

Major Characteristics of Social Stratification

1. Social Inequality

Social stratification involves unequal distribution of wealth, income, power, prestige and opportunities among different groups.

2. Hierarchical Arrangement

People and groups are arranged in a hierarchy, with some occupying higher social positions and others occupying lower positions.

3. Social Nature

Stratification is created and maintained by social institutions, norms, values and historical processes. It is not based only on individual abilities.

4. Persistence

Social inequalities can continue for long periods and may be transmitted from one generation to another.

5. Universality

Some form of social stratification exists in almost every society, although its nature and intensity vary from one society to another.

6. Linked with Power and Privilege

People occupying higher positions generally have greater access to resources, decision-making power and social privileges.

Forms of Social Stratification

1. Caste

Caste is a major form of social stratification, particularly associated with Indian society. Traditionally, caste membership is ascribed by birth. Caste has historically influenced occupation, marriage, social interaction and status.

2. Class

Class is mainly associated with a person's economic position, including income, wealth, occupation and ownership of resources. Compared with caste, class systems generally provide greater opportunities for social mobility.

3. Gender

Gender stratification refers to inequalities between different genders in areas such as education, employment, income, political participation, property ownership and access to resources.

4. Estate

The estate system was characteristic of many feudal societies. People were divided into legally and socially distinct groups, such as the nobility, clergy and commoners. Each estate had different rights and privileges.