Book Store

Find reference notes, study guides, and dynamic curriculum files for book store preparation.

1952 Results In Stock × Reset
IGNOU BOOK | Indian Society: Images and Realities [English medium] BSOG- 171 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Indian Society: Images and Realities [English medium] BSOG- 171

Physical

BSOG-171: Indian Society – Images and RealitiesBSOG-171, “Indian Society: Images and Realities,” is an IGNOU sociology course that examines the major features, institutions, problems, and changing realities of Indian society.What the course is aboutThe course helps you understand Indian society not just through textbook descriptions, but by comparing popular images of India with actual social realities. It looks at how caste, class, tribe, religion, family, gender, rural and urban life, and social change shape people's everyday experiences.Major themesUnity and diversity: India’s linguistic, religious, cultural and regional diversity, along with the forces that create social unity.Caste and social stratification: The caste system, hierarchy, inequality, discrimination, and changes brought by education, urbanisation, democracy and affirmative action.Tribes and marginalised communities: Tribal societies, their relationship with the state and wider society, and issues of development and displacement.Family and marriage: Changing patterns of family, marriage, kinship and household relationships.Religion and society: Religious diversity, communalism, secularism and the role of religion in social life.Gender relations: The social position of women, patriarchy, gender inequality and women's changing roles.Rural and urban society: Village life, agrarian relations, urbanisation, migration and the growth of cities.Social movements and change: Movements related to caste, gender, environment, tribal rights and other forms of social justice.Globalisation and contemporary India: How economic, technological and cultural changes are transforming Indian society.Meaning of “Images and Realities”The title is important. “Images” refers to commonly held ideas about Indian society—for example, the image of India as a traditional, harmonious and culturally united society. “Realities” asks us to look deeper and recognise inequalities, conflicts, discrimination and social change that may not be visible in those simplified images.So, the course encourages a sociological perspective: instead of accepting assumptions about Indian society, we examine them critically using concepts, evidence and different social experiences.

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Environmental Sociology | PARYWAN SAMAJSASTR [Hindi medium] BSOE -143 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Environmental Sociology | PARYWAN SAMAJSASTR [Hindi medium] BSOE -143

Physical

BSOE-143: Environmental Sociology — Hindi MediumBSOE-143 Environmental Sociology समाजशास्त्र की वह शाखा है जिसमें मनुष्य, समाज और प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण के बीच संबंधों का अध्ययन किया जाता है। इसमें यह समझने का प्रयास किया जाता है कि सामाजिक संरचना, अर्थव्यवस्था, संस्कृति, तकनीक और मानव गतिविधियाँ पर्यावरण को कैसे प्रभावित करती हैं तथा पर्यावरणीय परिवर्तन समाज और मानव जीवन को कैसे प्रभावित करते हैं।मुख्य विषयपर्यावरण समाजशास्त्र का अर्थ और विकासपर्यावरणीय समस्याओं को समाजशास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोण से समझना और पर्यावरण समाजशास्त्र के विकास का अध्ययन।मनुष्य और पर्यावरण का संबंधमानव समाज प्रकृति पर किस प्रकार निर्भर है और मानव गतिविधियों से प्राकृतिक संसाधनों में किस प्रकार परिवर्तन आता है।प्राकृतिक संसाधनजल, वन, भूमि, खनिज और ऊर्जा जैसे संसाधनों के उपयोग, संरक्षण तथा उनके असमान वितरण का अध्ययन।पर्यावरणीय समस्याएँवायु एवं जल प्रदूषणवनों की कटाईजलवायु परिवर्तनवैश्विक ताप वृद्धिजैव-विविधता का ह्रासकचरा और औद्योगिक प्रदूषणविकास और पर्यावरणऔद्योगीकरण, शहरीकरण और आर्थिक विकास से होने वाले पर्यावरणीय प्रभावों तथा सतत विकास (Sustainable Development) की अवधारणा का अध्ययन।पर्यावरणीय असमानता और न्यायपर्यावरणीय नुकसान का प्रभाव सभी सामाजिक वर्गों पर समान नहीं पड़ता। गरीब, आदिवासी और हाशिए के समुदाय अक्सर पर्यावरणीय समस्याओं से अधिक प्रभावित होते हैं।पर्यावरणीय आंदोलनभारत और विश्व में पर्यावरण संरक्षण के लिए हुए आंदोलनों का अध्ययन, जैसे चिपको आंदोलन, नर्मदा बचाओ आंदोलन आदि।

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Environmental Sociology[English medium] BSOE -143 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Environmental Sociology[English medium] BSOE -143

Physical

BSOE-143: Environmental Sociology — English MediumEnvironmental Sociology is the study of the relationship between society and the natural environment. It examines how human activities affect the environment and how environmental changes, in turn, affect human societies, institutions, communities, and everyday life.Meaning of Environmental SociologyEnvironmental Sociology is a branch of sociology that focuses on the social causes, consequences, and responses to environmental problems. It challenges the idea that environmental issues are purely natural or scientific problems and shows that they are also deeply connected with social, economic, political, and cultural processes.Major Areas of StudyHuman–Environment RelationshipIt studies how human beings depend on nature for food, water, energy, land, and other resources, and how human activities transform the environment.Environmental ProblemsMajor issues include:Air and water pollutionDeforestationClimate changeGlobal warmingLoss of biodiversityWaste generationResource depletionPopulation and EnvironmentPopulation growth, migration, urbanisation and changing patterns of consumption can increase pressure on natural resources.Industrialisation and UrbanisationIndustrial and urban development can create employment and economic growth, but may also lead to pollution, waste, resource depletion and ecological damage.Natural ResourcesEnvironmental Sociology examines the use and control of resources such as forests, water, land, minerals and energy. It also considers conflicts over access to these resources.Environmental Inequality and JusticeEnvironmental risks are not distributed equally. Poor communities, tribal populations, workers and other marginalised groups may experience greater exposure to pollution and displacement.Development and Sustainable DevelopmentThe subject examines the environmental consequences of economic development and discusses sustainable development, which seeks to balance economic needs, social well-being and environmental protection.Environmental MovementsEnvironmental Sociology studies collective efforts to protect nature and livelihoods, including movements such as the Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan in India.

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Economy and Society| ARTHAVAVSTHA AVAM SAMAJ [Hindi medium] BSOG -176 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Economy and Society| ARTHAVAVSTHA AVAM SAMAJ [Hindi medium] BSOG -176

Physical

BSOG-176: Economy and Society — Hindi MediumEconomy and Society (अर्थव्यवस्था और समाज) समाजशास्त्र का एक महत्वपूर्ण विषय है, जिसमें आर्थिक व्यवस्था और सामाजिक व्यवस्था के बीच संबंध का अध्ययन किया जाता है। इसमें यह समझने का प्रयास किया जाता है कि उत्पादन, वितरण, विनिमय, बाजार, श्रम और उपभोग जैसी आर्थिक प्रक्रियाएँ समाज को कैसे प्रभावित करती हैं और सामाजिक संस्थाएँ एवं संबंध अर्थव्यवस्था को कैसे प्रभावित करते हैं।अर्थ और परिभाषाअर्थव्यवस्था (Economy) से तात्पर्य उन प्रक्रियाओं से है जिनके माध्यम से वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का उत्पादन, वितरण, विनिमय और उपभोग किया जाता है।अर्थव्यवस्था और समाज का समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययन यह बताता है कि आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ केवल धन कमाने की प्रक्रिया नहीं हैं, बल्कि वे वर्ग, परिवार, जाति, लिंग, शक्ति और सामाजिक असमानता जैसे पहलुओं से भी जुड़ी होती हैं।सरल परिभाषा: अर्थव्यवस्था और समाज का अध्ययन आर्थिक गतिविधियों तथा सामाजिक संरचना और सामाजिक संबंधों के पारस्परिक प्रभाव का अध्ययन है।BSOG-176 के प्रमुख विषय1. अर्थव्यवस्था और समाज का संबंधअर्थव्यवस्था समाज से अलग नहीं है। लोगों के सामाजिक संबंध, संस्थाएँ और संस्कृति आर्थिक व्यवहार को प्रभावित करते हैं। इसी प्रकार आर्थिक परिवर्तन सामाजिक जीवन में बदलाव लाते हैं।2. उत्पादनउत्पादन में वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का निर्माण शामिल है। उत्पादन की व्यवस्था पर श्रम, तकनीक, पूंजी, भूमि और सामाजिक संबंधों का प्रभाव पड़ता है।3. श्रम और श्रम विभाजनसमाज में अलग-अलग लोग अलग-अलग प्रकार के काम करते हैं। इसे श्रम विभाजन कहा जाता है। आधुनिक समाज में श्रम का विशेषीकरण बढ़ने से आर्थिक उत्पादकता के साथ-साथ नए सामाजिक संबंध भी विकसित होते हैं।4. बाजार और विनिमयबाजार वह सामाजिक-आर्थिक व्यवस्था है जहाँ वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का विनिमय होता है। समाजशास्त्र बाजार को केवल मांग और आपूर्ति के आधार पर नहीं देखता, बल्कि विश्वास, सामाजिक संबंध, संस्थाओं और शक्ति की भूमिका का भी अध्ययन करता है।5. पूंजीवादपूंजीवाद ऐसी आर्थिक व्यवस्था है जिसमें निजी संपत्ति, बाजार, लाभ और पूंजी संचय महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।मार्क्स के अनुसार पूंजीवादी समाज में मुख्य रूप से:पूंजीपति वर्ग (Bourgeoisie)श्रमिक वर्ग (Proletariat)के बीच संबंध महत्वपूर्ण हैं।6. वर्ग और आर्थिक असमानताआर्थिक संसाधनों और संपत्ति के असमान वितरण से समाज में विभिन्न वर्गों का निर्माण होता है। आय, संपत्ति, रोजगार और अवसरों में असमानता सामाजिक जीवन को प्रभावित करती है।7. मैक्स वेबर का दृष्टिकोणMax Weber ने अर्थव्यवस्था को सामाजिक क्रिया, शक्ति और सामाजिक स्थिति के संदर्भ में समझने का प्रयास किया। उनके अनुसार आर्थिक व्यवहार भी सामाजिक अर्थों और संबंधों से प्रभावित होता है।8. कार्ल मार्क्स का दृष्टिकोणKarl Marx ने आर्थिक संरचना और वर्ग संबंधों को समाज की समझ के लिए केंद्रीय माना। उनके अनुसार उत्पादन के साधनों पर नियंत्रण समाज में वर्ग संघर्ष को जन्म दे सकता है।9. अर्थव्यवस्था का सामाजिक संस्थाओं पर प्रभावआर्थिक परिवर्तन का प्रभाव:परिवारशिक्षाराजनीतिधर्मविवाहसामाजिक वर्गजैसी संस्थाओं पर पड़ सकता है।10. वैश्वीकरण और अर्थव्यवस्थावैश्वीकरण के कारण विभिन्न देशों की अर्थव्यवस्थाएँ अधिक परस्पर जुड़ी हैं। इसके परिणामस्वरूप रोजगार, व्यापार, उत्पादन, उपभोग और जीवन-शैली में परिवर्तन आए हैं।परीक्षा के लिए महत्वपूर्ण निष्कर्षअर्थव्यवस्था और समाज एक-दूसरे से गहराई से जुड़े हुए हैं। आर्थिक व्यवस्था सामाजिक वर्ग, शक्ति, असमानता और जीवन-शैली को प्रभावित करती है, जबकि सामाजिक संस्थाएँ, संस्कृति, राजनीति और सामाजिक संबंध आर्थिक गतिविधियों को प्रभावित करते हैं

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Economy and Society [English medium] BSOG-176 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Economy and Society [English medium] BSOG-176

Physical

.BSOG-176: Economy and SocietyBSOG-176 – Economy and Society is an IGNOU sociology course that examines how economic activities and social structures influence each other. It helps students understand the relationship between economy, society, institutions, work, markets, and social change.Main areas coveredEconomy and SocietyMeaning and relationship between economy and societySocial dimensions of economic activitiesEconomic institutions and their role in societyClassical Sociological PerspectivesKarl Marx: capitalism, class, labour and exploitationMax Weber: economy, social action, rationalisation and capitalismÉmile Durkheim: division of labour and social solidarityWork and LabourMeaning and changing nature of workDivision of labourFormal and informal employmentLabour relations and workplace organisationCapitalism and MarketsDevelopment of capitalismMarkets as social institutionsCommodificationRelationship between state, market and societyEconomic InequalityClass and economic inequalityPoverty and unemploymentDistribution of wealth and resourcesSocial consequences of economic inequalityGlobalisation and Economic ChangeGlobalisation and its impact on societyLiberalisation and privatisationChanging employment patternsImpact on developing societies such as IndiaIndian ContextIndian economy and social structureCaste, class and occupationRural and urban economies

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Economic Sociology[English medium] BSOC-108 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Economic Sociology[English medium] BSOC-108

Physical

BSOC-108: Economic SociologyBSOC-108 – Economic Sociology is an IGNOU Sociology course that studies the relationship between economic activities and social life. It explains how economic behaviour—such as production, consumption, exchange, work and markets—is influenced by society, culture, institutions, power and social relationships.What is Economic Sociology?In simple words, Economic Sociology studies the economy from a sociological perspective.Traditional economics often focuses on prices, markets, demand, supply and rational decision-making. Economic sociology asks broader questions:Why do people behave differently in economic situations?How do family, caste, class, religion and culture influence economic decisions?How are markets connected with social relationships?How do capitalism and economic institutions affect society?How do economic changes produce social change?Major topics you should understandMeaning and Scope of Economic SociologyConcept and development of economic sociologyRelationship between sociology and economicsSocial dimensions of economic activitiesClassical ThinkersKarl Marx: capitalism, class conflict, labour, surplus value and exploitationMax Weber: economic action, rationality, capitalism and Protestant ethicsÉmile Durkheim: division of labour, solidarity and social integrationKarl Polanyi: economy as embedded in societyEconomic InstitutionsProductionDistributionExchangeConsumptionProperty and ownershipMoney and marketsWork and LabourDivision of labourOrganisation of workIndustrialisationLabour relationsFormal and informal workChanging nature of employmentMarkets and Social RelationshipsMarkets as social institutionsSocial networks and economic transactionsTrust and cooperationRole of culture in economic behaviourCapitalism and Social ChangeDevelopment of capitalismIndustrialisationCommodificationClass formationEconomic inequalityIndian Economy and SocietyCaste and occupationClass and economic inequalityRural and urban economyInformal sectorGlobalisation and changing economic relations

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Traditions and Perceptions of Crafts in Bharat [English medium] BHIS -183 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Traditions and Perceptions of Crafts in Bharat [English medium] BHIS -183

Physical

Traditions and Perceptions of Crafts in BharatThe traditions and perceptions of crafts in Bharat (India) are deeply rooted in its history, culture, spirituality, and social life. Indian crafts are not merely objects of decoration or commerce; they represent the knowledge, creativity, skills, beliefs, and identity of communities passed from one generation to another.1. Meaning of Crafts in Indian TraditionCrafts traditionally referred to skilled work involving materials such as clay, wood, metal, stone, textiles, bamboo, leather, and natural fibres. Pottery, weaving, embroidery, jewellery-making, sculpture, painting, woodwork, and metalwork developed as important forms of craftsmanship.2. Crafts and Traditional KnowledgeCraft knowledge was generally transmitted through family and community traditions. Children learned by observing and working alongside experienced artisans. Techniques, designs, tools, and knowledge of materials were preserved through practice rather than only through written texts.3. Crafts and SpiritualityCrafts have historically been closely associated with religious and spiritual life. Temple sculptures, idols, ritual vessels, lamps, textiles, paintings, and architectural decoration demonstrate how artistic skills were used for sacred purposes. Craftsmanship was often regarded as a disciplined and meaningful form of work.4. The Artisan in Indian SocietyThe artisan occupied an important position in traditional society. Communities of weavers, potters, carpenters, metalworkers, goldsmiths, stone carvers, and other craftspeople provided essential goods and services. Their work connected artistic creativity with practical everyday needs.

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Traditions & Perceptions Of Crafts In Bharat | [ Hindi medium] BHIS-183 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Traditions & Perceptions Of Crafts In Bharat | [ Hindi medium] BHIS-183

Physical

BHIS-183: भारत में शिल्प की परंपराएँ एवं धारणाएँ(Traditions & Perceptions of Crafts in Bharat) — हिंदी माध्यमपरिचयशिल्प (Craft) भारतीय संस्कृति और इतिहास का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है। भारत में शिल्प केवल वस्तुएँ बनाने की तकनीक नहीं है, बल्कि यह ज्ञान, परंपरा, कौशल, संस्कृति, धर्म, सामाजिक जीवन और स्थानीय पहचान से जुड़ा हुआ है। पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी हस्तांतरित होने वाली शिल्प परंपराओं ने भारतीय सभ्यता के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है।भारत की भौगोलिक और सांस्कृतिक विविधता के कारण यहाँ विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में अलग-अलग प्रकार के शिल्प विकसित हुए हैं। इनमें मिट्टी के बर्तन, वस्त्र निर्माण, धातु शिल्प, लकड़ी का काम, पत्थर की नक्काशी, आभूषण, चित्रकला, बुनाई और हस्तकला प्रमुख हैं।1. शिल्प का अर्थशिल्प का अर्थ है हाथों और विशेष कौशल के माध्यम से उपयोगी या कलात्मक वस्तुओं का निर्माण।शिल्प में दो महत्वपूर्ण पक्ष होते हैं:उपयोगिता — वस्तु का दैनिक जीवन में उपयोग।सौंदर्य — वस्तु में कलात्मकता और आकर्षण।इसलिए भारतीय शिल्प में कला और उपयोगिता दोनों का सुंदर संयोजन दिखाई देता है।2. भारत में शिल्प परंपराओं की प्राचीनताभारत में शिल्प की परंपरा बहुत प्राचीन है। सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता से प्राप्त मिट्टी के बर्तन, मनके, आभूषण, मूर्तियाँ, मुहरें और धातु की वस्तुएँ इस बात का प्रमाण हैं कि प्राचीन भारत में शिल्पकारों को विभिन्न तकनीकों का ज्ञान था।बाद के काल में भी शिल्प परंपराओं का विकास हुआ। मंदिरों, महलों, धार्मिक संस्थानों और नगरों के निर्माण में शिल्पकारों की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रही।3. शिल्प और भारतीय समाजभारतीय समाज में शिल्प का संबंध केवल आर्थिक गतिविधि से नहीं था। कई शिल्प जाति, समुदाय, परिवार और स्थानीय परंपराओं से जुड़े रहे।शिल्पकारों का ज्ञान सामान्यतः परिवार में ही अगली पीढ़ी को दिया जाता था। बच्चे बचपन से अपने माता-पिता या समुदाय के अनुभवी शिल्पकारों से काम सीखते थे।इस प्रकार शिल्प:ज्ञान → कौशल → परंपरा → पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी हस्तांतरणकी प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से आगे बढ़ता रहा।4. प्रमुख भारतीय शिल्प परंपराएँ(क) मिट्टी का शिल्पमिट्टी से बर्तन, खिलौने, मूर्तियाँ, दीपक और सजावटी वस्तुएँ बनाई जाती हैं। कुम्हार समुदाय इस परंपरा से विशेष रूप से जुड़ा रहा है।मिट्टी का शिल्प भारतीय ग्रामीण और धार्मिक जीवन में विशेष महत्व रखता है।(ख) वस्त्र और बुनाईभारत में बुनाई की अत्यंत समृद्ध परंपरा है। विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में अलग-अलग प्रकार के वस्त्र और तकनीकें विकसित हुईं।उदाहरण के लिए:बनारसी वस्त्रकांजीवरम साड़ीचंदेरीपटोलाइकतपश्मीनाखादीवस्त्रों में स्थानीय संस्कृति, प्रतीक और डिजाइन दिखाई देते हैं।(ग) धातु शिल्पसोना, चाँदी, तांबा, कांसा, पीतल और लोहे जैसी धातुओं से विभिन्न वस्तुएँ बनाई जाती रही हैं।धातु शिल्प में शामिल हैं:आभूषणधार्मिक मूर्तियाँबर्तनऔजारसजावटी वस्तुएँ(घ) लकड़ी का शिल्पलकड़ी से फर्नीचर, खिलौने, मूर्तियाँ, दरवाजे और सजावटी वस्तुएँ बनाई जाती हैं। मंदिरों और पारंपरिक भवनों की नक्काशी में भी लकड़ी का उपयोग हुआ है।(ङ) पत्थर का शिल्पभारत की मंदिर स्थापत्य परंपरा पत्थर की नक्काशी और शिल्प-कौशल का उत्कृष्ट उदाहरण है। मूर्तियाँ, स्तंभ, मंदिर की दीवारें और अन्य स्थापत्य तत्व कुशल शिल्पकारों द्वारा बनाए गए।(च) आभूषण निर्माण शिल्प संरक्षण की आवश्यकताभारतीय शिल्प परंपराओं को संरक्षित करना आवश्यक है क्योंकि इनमें पारंपरिक ज्ञान और सांस्कृतिक विरासत निहित है।संरक्षण के लिए आवश्यक कदम:कारीगरों को उचित पारिश्रमिक देना।पारंपरिक ज्ञान का दस्तावेजीकरण करना।युवा पीढ़ी को शिल्प प्रशिक्षण देना।शिल्प उत्पादों के लिए उचित बाजार उपलब्ध कराना।नकली और मशीन-निर्मित उत्पादों से वास्तविक हस्तशिल्प की पहचान करना।डिजिटल प्लेटफॉर्म के माध्यम से कारीगरों को बाजार से जोड़ना।शिल्प मेलों और प्रदर्शनियों को बढ़ावा देना।महिलाओं और स्थानीय समुदायों की भागीदारी को प्रोत्साहित करना।

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Tradition of History Writing in India | BHART ME ETIHAS KE LIKHN KI PARMANPARYE | BHIE-144 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Tradition of History Writing in India | BHART ME ETIHAS KE LIKHN KI PARMANPARYE | BHIE-144

Physical

Tradition of History Writing in IndiaThe tradition of history writing in India has a long and diverse development. Unlike the modern Western idea of history, ancient Indian writers often combined historical events with religion, mythology, legends, genealogy, and moral teachings. Over time, Indian historiography developed through different periods and forms.Ancient Period: Early historical traditions can be found in the Vedas, Epics (Ramayana and Mahabharata), Puranas, Buddhist and Jain texts. These works contain information about kings, dynasties, society, religion, and political events, although historical facts are often mixed with myths and religious traditions.Inscriptions and Coins: Inscriptions, coins, monuments, and archaeological remains provide important evidence for reconstructing India's past. Ashokan inscriptions are among the earliest important sources for political and social history.Regional Historical Traditions: Different regions developed their own traditions of recording the past. A notable example is Kalhana's Rajatarangini (12th century), which narrates the history of Kashmir and is often regarded as one of the earliest systematic works of history in India.Medieval Period: Persian and Arabic writers contributed significantly to Indian historiography. Scholars and chroniclers such as Al-Biruni, Minhaj-us-Siraj, Ziauddin Barani, and Abul Fazl recorded political events, administration, society, culture, and the activities of rulers.

₹300.00 ₹250
17% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Tradition of History Writing in India[English medium] BHIE - 144 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Tradition of History Writing in India[English medium] BHIE - 144

Physical

BHIE-144: Tradition of History Writing in India — DescriptionIntroductionThe tradition of history writing in India refers to the different ways in which Indians recorded, remembered, interpreted, and transmitted their past. Indian historical traditions are very diverse and include religious texts, genealogies, inscriptions, biographies, chronicles, regional literature, administrative records, travel accounts, and oral traditions.Unlike the modern Western idea of history, which generally emphasizes chronological and critical reconstruction of the past, traditional Indian historical writing often combined myth, religion, genealogy, political memory, moral teachings, and historical events.1. Ancient Indian Tradition of History WritingAncient India did not produce history books in exactly the same form as modern historians. However, this does not mean that Indians had no sense of the past.Historical information can be found in:VedasEpicsPuranasBuddhist textsJain literatureInscriptionsGenealogiesAccounts of kings and dynastiesThese sources contain information about political institutions, social life, religious practices, economy, kingship, and cultural traditions.2. The Vedic TraditionThe Vedas are primarily religious texts rather than historical works. Nevertheless, they provide valuable information about early Indian society.The Rigveda, for example, contains references to:Tribes and clansKings and chiefsConflicts and battlesSocial organisationReligious practicesEconomic activitiesTherefore, historians use Vedic literature as an important source for reconstructing ancient Indian history, while also considering its religious and literary character.3. Epics as Sources of Historical MemoryThe two great Indian epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, played an important role in preserving cultural and historical memories.They contain descriptions of:Kings and kingdomsWars and political conflictsFamily relationshipsSocial customsReligious beliefsIdeas of kingship and moralityHowever, these texts contain both historical memories and elements of mythology and religious tradition. Therefore, they cannot simply be treated as modern historical narratives.4. Puranic TraditionThe Puranas are particularly important for understanding the Indian tradition of preserving the past.They contain:Genealogies of kingsDynastic listsAccounts of rulersCreation storiesReligious traditionsDescriptions of sacred placesThe Puranic tradition often connected political history with religious and cosmic ideas.Genealogy was especially important because dynasties and royal lineages were used to establish legitimacy and continuity.5. Buddhist Historical TraditionBuddhist literature provides important information about the history of ancient India.Texts such as the Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa preserve traditions relating to the Buddha, Buddhist communities, kings, and political developments.Buddhist traditions also provide information about:MagadhaMauryan historyAshokaBuddhist councilsSpread of BuddhismRelations between rulers and religious institutionsThese texts are valuable historical sources, although they must be examined critically.6. Jain Historical TraditionJain literature also contributed significantly to Indian historical memory.Jain texts contain information about:Religious teachersKings and dynastiesCitiesMerchantsSocial groupsReligious institutionsJain authors preserved traditions about important political and religious personalities and helped maintain historical memories across generations.7. Inscriptions as Historical RecordsInscriptions are among the most important sources for Indian history.Kings and other authorities recorded information on:VictoriesDonationsLand grantsAdministrative arrangementsReligious activitiesPublic worksGenealogiesThe inscriptions of Ashoka are particularly significant because they provide direct evidence about his policies, administration, ethical ideas, and relationship with his subjects.Later inscriptions also provide valuable information about dynasties and rulers.8. Biographical TraditionAnother important tradition was the writing of biographies of rulers and important personalities.A famous example is Banabhatta's Harshacharita, which describes the life and achievements of King Harshavardhana.

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | The Rise of Modern West - I | ADHUNIK PASCHIMI UDHY - I | HINDI MEDIUM Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | The Rise of Modern West - I | ADHUNIK PASCHIMI UDHY - I | HINDI MEDIUM

Physical

The Rise of Modern West – IThe Rise of Modern West – I is the study of the transformation of Western Europe from the late medieval period to the early modern period, roughly from the 15th to the 18th century. It explains how Europe moved away from medieval feudal institutions and developed the foundations of the modern state, capitalist economy, modern science, secular thought, and global trade.1. Decline of FeudalismDuring the late medieval period, the traditional feudal system began to weaken.Major causes included:Growth of towns and marketsExpansion of money-based tradeDecline of serfdom in many parts of Western EuropeRise of merchants and bankersGrowth of centralized monarchiesDevelopment of professional armiesAs feudal relationships weakened, economic and political power increasingly shifted toward towns, merchants, monarchs, and centralized states.2. RenaissanceThe Renaissance, meaning "rebirth," began in Italy and spread to other parts of Europe.It involved a renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture and encouraged new approaches to art, literature, education, and philosophy.Important characteristics were:

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | The Rise of Modern West - I | BHIC -106 | ENGLISH MEDIUM Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | The Rise of Modern West - I | BHIC -106 | ENGLISH MEDIUM

Physical

The Rise of the Modern West – IThe Rise of the Modern West – I deals with the major political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural changes that transformed Western Europe between roughly the 15th and 18th centuries. This period witnessed the decline of medieval institutions and the emergence of the foundations of the modern Western world.1. Transition from Medieval to Modern EuropeBy the 15th century, Western Europe was undergoing significant changes. The old feudal order began to weaken, while centralized monarchies, commercial economies, towns, and new intellectual movements grew.Important developments included:Decline of feudalismGrowth of towns and marketsExpansion of tradeRise of merchant and banking groupsStrengthening of centralized statesDevelopment of new scientific and intellectual ideasThese changes gradually created the conditions for modern European society.2. RenaissanceThe Renaissance began in the Italian city-states during the 14th and 15th centuries and later spread throughout Europe.

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Some Aspects of European History 1789-1944[Hindi medium] BHIE-145 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Some Aspects of European History 1789-1944[Hindi medium] BHIE-145

Physical

BHIE-145 – Some Aspects of European History (1789–1944) | Hindi Mediumपाठ्यक्रम का परिचय:BHIE-145 Some Aspects of European History (1789–1944) यूरोप के आधुनिक इतिहास की महत्वपूर्ण राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक और वैचारिक घटनाओं का अध्ययन करने वाला पाठ्यक्रम है। इसमें फ्रांसीसी क्रांति (1789) से लेकर द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के दौर (1944) तक यूरोप में हुए प्रमुख परिवर्तनों को समझाया गया है।इस पुस्तक में फ्रांसीसी क्रांति, नेपोलियन युग, राष्ट्रवाद, उदारवाद, समाजवाद, औद्योगिक क्रांति, 1848 की क्रांतियाँ, इटली और जर्मनी का एकीकरण, साम्राज्यवाद, प्रथम विश्व युद्ध, रूसी क्रांति, फासीवाद, नाजीवाद तथा द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध जैसे महत्वपूर्ण विषय शामिल हैं।मुख्य विषय:फ्रांसीसी क्रांति और उसके प्रभावनेपोलियन बोनापार्ट और यूरोपउदारवाद, राष्ट्रवाद एवं समाजवाद का विकासऔद्योगिक क्रांति और यूरोपीय समाज1848 की क्रांतियाँइटली का एकीकरणजर्मनी का एकीकरणयूरोपीय साम्राज्यवाद एवं उपनिवेशवादप्रथम विश्व युद्ध के कारण एवं परिणामरूसी क्रांति और सोवियत संघ का उदयअंतरयुद्ध कालीन यूरोपफासीवाद और नाजीवाद का उदयद्वितीय विश्व युद्ध और 1944 तक यूरोप की राजनीतिक स्थिति

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK Some Aspects of European History 1789-1945 | BHIE-145 | ENGLISH MEDIUM Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK Some Aspects of European History 1789-1945 | BHIE-145 | ENGLISH MEDIUM

Physical

Some Aspects of European History, 1789–1945The period 1789–1945 is one of the most important phases in European history. It began with the French Revolution of 1789 and ended with the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945. During these years, Europe experienced revolutionary changes in politics, society, economy, nationalism, imperialism, and international relations.1. The French Revolution, 1789The French Revolution was a turning point in European history. Before 1789, French society was divided into three estates:First Estate – clergySecond Estate – nobilityThird Estate – peasants, workers, merchants, and the middle classThe revolution was influenced by economic problems, social inequality, political absolutism, and Enlightenment ideas.Its major principles were liberty, equality, and fraternity. The revolution abolished many feudal privileges and promoted the idea that political authority should ultimately rest with the people.Its effects spread far beyond France and encouraged movements for constitutional government and national self-determination throughout Europe.

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Medieval World | MADHYEKALIN VISW KI SAMAJIK SANCHAR OR SANSKRITI PATTEN | BHIC - 104 |HINDI MEDIUM Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Medieval World | MADHYEKALIN VISW KI SAMAJIK SANCHAR OR SANSKRITI PATTEN | BHIC - 104 |HINDI MEDIUM

Physical

Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Medieval WorldSocial Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Medieval World is the study of how human societies were organized and how their economy, politics, religion, social structure, art, literature, science, and traditions developed during the medieval period, roughly from the 5th to the 15th century CE. It covers different regions such as Europe, the Islamic world, India, China, and Africa.1. Social StructureMedieval societies were generally hierarchical. Social position was influenced by land ownership, occupation, caste, religion, birth, and political power.Major groups included:Kings and rulers – exercised political and military authority.Nobles and landlords – controlled land and often provided military support to rulers.Religious groups – priests, monks, scholars, ulema, and other religious specialists.Merchants and artisans – became increasingly important with the growth of towns and trade.Peasants and agricultural labourers – formed the majority of the population.Slaves and dependent workers – existed in several medieval societies.The exact social structure varied greatly from one region to another.

₹220.00 ₹215
2% OFF
IGNOU BOOK |Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Medieval World [ENGLISH MEDIUM] BHIC-104 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK |Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Medieval World [ENGLISH MEDIUM] BHIC-104

Physical

BHIC-104: Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Medieval World is an IGNOU history course that examines how medieval societies were organized and how their cultures developed across different parts of the world.Main areas coveredMedieval SocietyFormation of social groups and classesFeudalism and agrarian societiesLand ownership and systems of productionPeasants, landlords, and other social groupsEurope in the Medieval PeriodDecline of the Roman EmpireRise of feudalismManorial systemGrowth of towns and tradeEmergence of merchants and guildsIslamic WorldRise and expansion of IslamPolitical and social institutionsAbbasid society and cultureUrban centres, trade, science, and learningMedieval ChinaState and societyAgricultural developmentUrbanization and commerceIntellectual and cultural traditionsMedieval JapanFeudal institutionsSamurai and warrior cultureShogunateRelations between rulers, warriors, and peasantsReligion and CultureChristianity and the ChurchIslam and Islamic cultureBuddhism and other Asian traditionsReligious institutions and their influence on societyScience, Technology and EducationDevelopment of scientific knowledgeAdvances in agriculture and technologyUniversities and centres of learningContributions of Islamic, Chinese, and European civilizationsArt and LiteratureMedieval architecturePainting and sculptureLiterature and philosophyReligious and secular cultural traditions

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Ancient World [ HINDI medium] BHIC-102 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Ancient World [ HINDI medium] BHIC-102

Physical

BHIC-102: प्राचीन विश्व की सामाजिक संरचनाएँ एवं सांस्कृतिक प्रतिमानAncient historyBHIC-102 (Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Ancient World) इतिहास का एक महत्वपूर्ण पाठ्यक्रम है। इसमें प्राचीन विश्व के समाज, अर्थव्यवस्था, राजनीति, धर्म, संस्कृति और सभ्यताओं के विकास का अध्ययन किया जाता है। यह विषय मुख्य रूप से यह समझने में मदद करता है कि प्राचीन समाज किस प्रकार बने और उनमें समय के साथ क्या परिवर्तन हुए।मुख्य विषय1. प्रारंभिक मानव समाजशिकारी और खाद्य-संग्राहक समाजकृषि की शुरुआतपशुपालन और स्थायी बस्तियों का विकासनिजी संपत्ति और सामाजिक असमानता की शुरुआत2. प्रारंभिक सभ्यताओं का विकासमेसोपोटामिया की सभ्यतामिस्र की सभ्यतासिंधु घाटी सभ्यताचीन की प्रारंभिक सभ्यतानगरों और राज्य का उदय3. सामाजिक संरचनावर्ग और सामाजिक समूहों का निर्माणशासक, पुरोहित, व्यापारी, कारीगर और कृषकदास प्रथामहिलाओं की सामाजिक स्थितिपरिवार और सामाजिक संस्थाएँ4. प्राचीन अर्थव्यवस्थाकृषि और सिंचाईशिल्प एवं उद्योगआंतरिक और बाहरी व्यापारमुद्रा का विकासश्रम और उत्पादन संबंध5. प्राचीन राज्य और राजनीतिक संस्थाएँराज्य के उदय के कारणराजतंत्र और साम्राज्यप्रशासनिक व्यवस्थाकानून और शासनयुद्ध और साम्राज्य विस्तार

₹300.00 ₹250
17% OFF
IGNOU BOOK | Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Ancient World[ENGLISH medium] BHIC -102 Physical Only

IGNOU BOOK | Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Ancient World[ENGLISH medium] BHIC -102

Physical

Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Ancient WorldSocial formations and cultural patterns of the ancient world refer to the ways in which people in early civilizations organized their societies, economies, political institutions, religions, and cultural life. Ancient societies developed differently according to their environment, resources, technology, and historical experiences.1. Social FormationsAncient societies were generally divided into different social groups or classes. These could include:Rulers and nobles: Kings, chiefs, aristocrats, and members of royal families held political and economic power.Priests: Religious specialists often had considerable influence because religion was closely connected with government and everyday life.Farmers and workers: The majority of people were engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, crafts, and other forms of labour.Merchants and artisans: With the growth of cities and trade, merchants, craftsmen, and traders became important social groups.Slaves and dependent labourers: In many ancient civilizations, slavery or other forms of dependent labour existed.The family and kinship system was another important part of social organization. Patriarchal families were common, although the position of women varied considerably between different societies.

₹280.00 ₹210
25% OFF