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Some Aspects of European History, 1789–1945

The period 1789–1945 is one of the most important phases in European history. It began with the French Revolution of 1789 and ended with the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945. During these years, Europe experienced revolutionary changes in politics, society, economy, nationalism, imperialism, and international relations.

1. The French Revolution, 1789

The French Revolution was a turning point in European history. Before 1789, French society was divided into three estates:

• First Estate – clergy
• Second Estate – nobility
• Third Estate – peasants, workers, merchants, and the middle class

The revolution was influenced by economic problems, social inequality, political absolutism, and Enlightenment ideas.

Its major principles were liberty, equality, and fraternity. The revolution abolished many feudal privileges and promoted the idea that political authority should ultimately rest with the people.

Its effects spread far beyond France and encouraged movements for constitutional government and national self-determination throughout Europe.